The most common cancer that affects the stomach is adenocarcinoma, which arises in the glands of the innermost layer of the stomach. This tumor tends to spread through the wall of the stomach and from there into the adjoining organs (pancreas and spleen) and lymph nodes. It can spread through the bloodstream and lymph system to distant organs (metastasize). The cause of stomach cancer is unknown. Age and gender are risk factors. The disease is more common in men over the age of 55. A diet high in salt and nitrates and low in vitamins A and C increases the risk for stomach cancer. Other dietary risk factors include food preparation (e.g., preserving food by smoking, salt-curing, pickling, or drying) and environment (e.g., lack of refrigeration, poor drinking water). A diet high in raw fruits and vegetables, citrus fruits, and fiber may lower the risk for stomach cancer.
Acquired risk factors:
- Cigarette smoking
- Infection with Heliobacter pylori bacteria (a bacteria related to stomach ulcers) or Epstein-Barr virus
- Obesity
- Occupational factors (e.g., working in rubber and coal industries)
- Personal history of gastrointestinal cancer, previous abdominal radiation, or stomach surgery
Signs and Symptoms
Early stomach cancer usually does not cause symptoms . Symptoms usually indicate advanced disease and include the following:
- Abdominal discomfort or pain
- Blood in stool
- Bloating (especially after eating)
- Diarrhea or constipation
- Fatigue
- Gastrointestinal bleeding
- Indigestion or heartburn
- Loss of appetite (anorexia)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Weight loss
Treatment
A treatment plan is designed to fit each patient's needs. Treatment for stomach cancer depends on the size, location, and extent of the tumor, the stage of the disease, the patient's general health, and other factors.
Final note:
The reduction in the use of salt, nitrates, as well as smoked products, combined with an increased use of fruits and fresh vegetables in the diet, is the best way of avoiding stomach cancer, according to current knowledge.
